Dehydration

Erythrocytes. Normal values
* 4.0 - 5.1 million red blood cells in 1 ml (4,0 - 5,1 1012 / L) - male
* 3.7 - 4.7 million red blood cells in 1 ml (3,7 - 4,7 1012 / L) - for women.

Reducing the number of red blood cells.

* The relative reduction in the number of red blood cells can be observed in diluted blood in people with kidney disease (difficult removal of fluid from the body), the introduction of large amounts of blood substitutes.
* The absolute decline in the number of red blood cells - is the main criterion for anemia.

Anemia can be divided into the following types:

1. Scarce - anemia in which the lack of any "spare parts" to build red blood cells (belkovodefitsitnye, vitaminodefitsitnye, iron). "Parts" may be in insufficient brand name viagra quantities to do with food or not fully absorbed from the intestine. Can be observed and their relative deficiency in pregnancy and in adolescence, when the need for "building materials" exceed their intake into the body.

2. Posthemorrhagic (due to acute and chronic blood loss) anemia. In fact, chronic hemorrhagic anemia is also scarce: in haemorrhage lost proteins, vitamins and iron.

3. Hypo-and aplastic (congenital and acquired), anemia occur when loss or disruption of the functioning of stem cells (progenitor of red blood cells) in bone marrow. Acquired deficiency anemia can develop after exposure to radiation, congenital - the result of mutations.

4. Hemolytic (hereditary and acquired) anemia. Acquired anemia occur when the effects of various chemicals [they may play some drugs, antibodies, microbial toxins (for malaria)] or mechanical factors (eg, red blood cells can ranitsya of artificial heart valve). Hereditary anemia - the result of mutations, the erythrocytes of people with hereditary hemolytic anemia have a defect in the membranes (shells) or abnormal hemoglobin.

Increasing the number of red blood cells (polycythemia):

1. Absolute erythrocytosis may be due to amplification of normal hematopoiesis. It can occur in chronic lung disease, heart defects, congenital hemoglobinopathies. In people with abnormal hemoglobin compensatory increase of red blood cells in 1 ml of blood, because hemoglobin can not carry oxygen in sufficient quantity. Not quality, as quantity. In chronic renal ischemia can also occur erythrocytosis, as they produced in larger quantities than normal, erythropoietin, which stimulates hematopoiesis.

2. Absolute erythrocytosis may be caused by abnormal hematopoiesis - hematopoietic system tumor disease - a disease Vakeza.

3. Relative erythrocytosis occurs when dehydration.

RBC morphology:
Changing the shape, size, color of red blood cells is the basis of the classification of anemias.

1. Reducing the diameter of red blood cells, microcytosis is observed in iron and hemolytic anemia.
2. Increasing the diameter of red blood cells, macrocytosis was observed at B12 and folievodefitsitnyh anemia (vitaminodefitsitnye anemia). When hypoplastic anemia may also be observed macrocytosis.
3. Changing the shape of red Viagra the search for drugs blood cells (poikilocytosis - red blood cells have different shapes) can be observed in iron-deficiency anemia, certain hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell anemia, thalassemia).

The best shape for red blood cell - a form of biconcave disk. In this form of erythrocyte best to carry oxygen. The best size - 7 microns. If it is less worse is to carry oxygen, and if more - the red blood cells will be less to live. A substantial part of their lives, they will in the bone marrow, in addition, such large cells are rapidly destroyed in the spleen.

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Adenoids

In the body, there are groups of cells that perform some common and similar functions, these cells are called "fabrics". There are cells responsible for immunity and forming a so-called. lymphoid tissue. Of the lymphoid tissue is composed entirely thymus, it (the fabric) is in the intestine, the bone marrow. Open-mouthed in front of a mirror, you can see made up of lymphoid tissue formation - the amygdala - the most important organs of the lymphoid system. These are called the palatine tonsils.
Palatine tonsils can grow in size - this increase is called a hypertrophy of the tonsils, they may become inflamed - inflammation of the tonsils is called tonsillitis. Tonsillitis may be acute or chronic.
Palatine tonsils are not the only lymphoid education throats. There is another amygdala, which is called the pharyngeal. See it when viewed from the mouth is impossible, but imagine where it is not difficult. Again, looking into the mouth, we can see the back of the throat, lifting her up on it is easy to reach the nasal vault, and that there is pharyngeal tonsil.
Pharyngeal tonsil, and it is already clear, too, is made up of lymphoid tissue. Pharyngeal tonsil may grow in size and this condition is called "hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil".
Increasing the size of the pharyngeal tonsils is called adenoid vegetation, or simply adenoids. Knowing the basics of terminology, it is easy to conclude that the inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsil doctors call adenoiditis.
Diseases of the tonsils are fairly obvious. Inflammations (sore throat, acute and chronic tonsillitis) - are easily detected even when viewed from the oral cavity. With the pharyngeal tonsil situation is different. After all, look at it is not easy - it can only make a doctor (ENT) with a special mirror: a small round mirror on a long handle is introduced deeply into the mouth to the posterior pharyngeal wall, and in the mirror you can see the pharyngeal tonsil. Manipulation of this is simple only in theory because "zasovyvanie" mirrors very often causes a "bad" reactions such as vomiting, etc.
At the same time, a specific diagnosis - adenoids - can be delivered without the unpleasant examinations. Symptoms that accompany the appearance of the adenoids, are highly characteristic and are due primarily to locations where pharyngeal tonsil. It was there in the body of the nasopharynx, are, firstly, the opening (mouth), ear tubes connecting the nasopharynx to the middle ear cavity, and, secondly, there ends the nasal passages.
Increasing the size of the pharyngeal tonsil, taking into account the anatomical brand name viagra features described, forms the two main symptoms indicating the presence of adenoids - nasal breathing disorders and hearing impairment.
It is clear that the severity of these symptoms will largely determine the degree of increase in pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids otolaryngologists distinguish I, II, and III degree).
Mainly, the most important and most dangerous consequence of the adenoids is a continuing violation of nasal breathing. A tangible obstacle to the passage of air jet leads to breathing through the mouth, and consequently, to the fact that the nose can not perform its functions, which in turn is very important. The corollary is clear - in the airways gets rough air - not refined, not warm and moist. This greatly increases the likelihood of inflammation in the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi of the lungs (sore throat, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia).
Continuing difficulty in nasal breathing is reflected in the work of the nose - there are congestion, swelling of the mucous membrane of nasal passages, nagging colds, sinusitis often occur, changing voice - becomes a nasal. Violation of the auditory tube permeability, in turn, leads to hearing loss, frequent otitis media.
Children sleep with your mouth open, snoring, complaining of headaches, often suffer from respiratory virus infections.

Appearance of a child with adenoids depressing - constantly open mouth, thick mucus and irritation under the nose, scarves for all pockets ... Doctors have even invented a special term - "adenoidnye face."
So, adenoids - serious trouble, and trouble, primarily children - a maximum amount of pharyngeal tonsil reaches the age of 4 to 7 years. Puberty-associated lymphoid tissue is significantly reduced in size, but by this time you can "earn" a very large number of serious ills - and by the ears, and from the nose and the lungs. Thus, expectant management - say, tolerate up to 14 years, and there, staring, and will resolve - definitely not true. Action is needed, especially given the fact that the disappearance or reduction of the adenoids in adolescence - the process of theoretical, but in practice there are cases where in 40 years, have to treat adenoids.

What factors contribute to the appearance of the adenoids?

* Heredity - at least if the parents suffered from adenoids, a child in one degree or another, too, faced with this problem.
* Inflammatory diseases of the nose, throat, pharynx - and respiratory viral infections and measles, and whooping cough and scarlet fever, and sore throats, etc.
* Eating disorders - especially overfeeding.
* The tendency to allergic reactions, innate and acquired immunity deficiency.
* Violations of the optimal properties of the air we breathe baby - very warm, very dry, dusty, the admixture of hazardous substances (environmental conditions, an excess of household).

Thus, parents' actions aimed at preventing the adenoids, are reduced to the correction, and better yet, to the original organization of lifestyles conducive to the proper functioning of the immune system - feeding on appetite, physical activity, hardening, limiting contact with the dust and household cleaning products.
But if the adenoids are, should be treated - it's too dangerous and unpredictable consequences, if not to intervene. At the same time, the main thing - correction of life and only after curative measures.
All treatments adenoids are divided into conservative (their lot) and operative (he is one). Conservative methods often help, and the frequency of positive effects is directly related to the degree of the adenoids, which, however, it is quite obvious: the smaller the pharyngeal tonsil, the easier it is to get the effect without the aid operation.
The choice of conservative methods is great. This bracing means (vitamins, immunostimulants), and nasal lavage special solutions and instilling a wide variety of agents possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-microbial properties.
If conservative methods do not help - on the agenda the question arises about the operation. The operation of removing the adenoids is called "adenotomija. By the way, and it is fundamentally important indications for adenotomy not determined the size of adenoid vegetation, and specific symptoms. In the end, due to the specific anatomical features of the individual child, it also happens that the adenoids III degree only moderately prevent nasal breathing and adenoids I lead to a significant degree of hearing loss.
What you should know about adenotomy:

* The essence of the operation - removal of enlarged pharyngeal tonsil.
* The operation is also possible under local and general anesthesia.
* Operation duration - one of the most short: 1-2 minutes, but the process of "cutting" - a few seconds. Special ring-shaped knife (adenotome) is introduced into the region code of the nasopharynx, clung to him, and at this moment adenoid tissue enters into the ring adenotomija. One hand movement - and adenoids removed.

Simplicity of operation is not an indication of the security operation. And possible complications due to anesthesia, bleeding, and damage to the sky. But all this happens infrequently.
Adenotomija not an emergency operation. To her it is desirable to prepare, go through the normal Viagra the disease and its treatment inspection, etc. Undesirable operation during epidemics of influenza, after acute infectious diseases.
The recovery period after surgery is rapid, well, except that the 1-2 days it is advisable not really "ride" and not a hard and hot.
Pay attention to the fact that regardless of the surgeon's skill to remove pharyngeal tonsil is completely impossible - at least something, but will remain. And there is always a chance that the adenoids will (rise) again.
The reappearance of the adenoids is a cause for serious reflection parent. And not that "caught" a bad doctor. And that all the doctors, taken together, will not help if the child is surrounded by dust, dry and warm air, if a child fed with persuasion, if your TV is more important to explore if there is no physical exertion, if ... If mom and dad simply take your child to audiologist, than part with your favorite rug, organize hardening, exercise, adequate exposure to fresh air.

The author expresses his sincere appreciation to the child's audiologist, MD Natalya Golovko - for advice in preparing the material.